Climate scientists are confronting a hard truth: some of the most widely used models are struggling to keep up with the pace and texture of real‑world warming. The physics at their core remains sound, ...

John Woodward does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond ...

Earth system models (ESMs) integrate the interactions of atmosphere, ocean, land, ice, and biosphere to estimate the state of regional and global climate under a wide variety of conditions. A model ...